publications | Physically Interactive Robots

2023

RAM
Becoming a Plenary or Keynote Speaker in an International Robotics Conference: Perspectives From an IEEE RAS Women in Engineering Panel

Julie Stephany Berrio Perez, Efi Psomopoulou, Heni Ben Amor, and 1 more author

IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 2023

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The IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) Women in Engineering Committee organized a virtual event for the 2022 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) and was honored to host Lydia Kavraki, Katherine J. Kuchenbecker, and Vandi Verma as keynote speakers and panelists. These distinguished women have made significant contributions to the field of robotics and have been recognized for their exceptional achievements in research and education: they have all been past keynote or plenary speakers at a major international robotics conference. The presenters were invited to provide their valuable insights as women in the robotics field, engage with the attendees in meaningful conversations, and share their experiences and expertise. The event was held online in Gather, prior to the 2022 ICRA conference, to offer a platform for those unable to participate in the in-person event and to act as an icebreaker for early-career researchers who might be attending ICRA for the first time ( Figure 1 ). The event also enabled attendees to connect and network with other professionals in the field, as well as to contribute to the discussion on the critical topic of diversity and inclusivity in robotics.
@article{10153107, author = {Perez, Julie Stephany Berrio and Psomopoulou, Efi and Ben Amor, Heni and Leidner, Daniel}, journal = {IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine}, title = {Becoming a Plenary or Keynote Speaker in an International Robotics Conference: Perspectives From an IEEE RAS Women in Engineering Panel}, year = {2023}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {113-115}, doi = {10.1109/MRA.2023.3266933}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10153107}, }
ICRA
Tactile-Driven Gentle Grasping for Human-Robot Collaborative Tasks

Christopher J. Ford, Haoran Li, John Lloyd, and 4 more authors

In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 2023

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This paper presents a control scheme for force sensitive, gentle grasping with a Pisa/IIT anthropomorphic SoftHand equipped with a miniaturised version of the TacTip optical tactile sensor on all five fingertips. The tactile sensors provide high-resolution information about a grasp and how the fingers interact with held objects. We first describe a series of hardware developments for performing asynchronous sensor data acquisition and processing, resulting in a fast control loop sufficient for real-time grasp control. We then develop a novel grasp controller that uses tactile feedback from all five fingertip sensors simultaneously to gently and stably grasp 43 objects of varying geometry and stiffness, which is then applied to a human-to-robot handover task. These developments open the door to more advanced manipulation with underactuated hands via fast reflexive control using high-resolution tactile sensing.
@inproceedings{ford2023tactiledriven, title = {Tactile-Driven Gentle Grasping for Human-Robot Collaborative Tasks}, author = {Ford, Christopher J. and Li, Haoran and Lloyd, John and Catalano, Manuel G. and Bianchi, Matteo and Psomopoulou, Efi and Lepora, Nathan F.}, year = {2023}, booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation}, eprint = {2303.09346}, archiveprefix = {arXiv}, primaryclass = {cs.RO}, }
POT
An overview of robotic grippers

Thomas J. Cairnes, Christopher J. Ford, Efi Psomopoulou, and 1 more author

IEEE Potentials 2023

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The development of robotic grippers is driven by the need to execute particular manual tasks or meet specific objectives in handling operations. Grippers with specific functions vary from being small, accurate, and highly controllable, such as the surgical tool effectors of the Da Vinci robot (designed to be used as noninvasive grippers controlled by a human operator during keyhole surgeries), to larger, highly controllable grippers like the Shadow Dexterous Hand (designed to recreate the hand motions of a human). Additionally, there are less finely controllable grippers, such as the iRobot-Harvard-Yale (iHY) Hand or iRobot-Harvard-Yale (IIT)-Pisa SoftHand, which, instead, leverage natural motions during grasping via designs inspired by observed biomechanical systems. As robotic systems become more autonomous and widely used, it is becoming increasingly important to consider the design, form, and function of robotic grippers.
@article{10120615, author = {Cairnes, Thomas J. and Ford, Christopher J. and Psomopoulou, Efi and Lepora, Nathan}, journal = {IEEE Potentials}, title = {An overview of robotic grippers}, year = {2023}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {17-23}, archiveprefix = {arXiv}, doi = {10.1109/MPOT.2023.3236143}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10120615}, }

2022

RA-L | IROS
BRL/Pisa/IIT SoftHand: A Low-Cost, 3D-Printed, Underactuated, Tendon-Driven Hand With Soft and Adaptive Synergies

Haoran Li, Christopher J. Ford, Matteo Bianchi, and 3 more authors

IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems 2022

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This letter introduces the BRL/Pisa/IIT (BPI) SoftHand: a single actuator-driven, low-cost, 3D-printed, tendon-driven, underactuated robot hand that can be used to perform a range of grasping tasks. Based on the adaptive synergies of the Pisa/IIT SoftHand, we design a new joint system and tendon routing to facilitate the inclusion of both soft and adaptive synergies, which helps us balance durability, affordability and grasping performance of the hand. The focus of this work is on the design, simulation, synergies and grasping tests of this SoftHand. The novel phalanges are designed and printed based on linkages, gear pairs and geometric restraint mechanisms, and can be applied to most tendon-driven robotic hands. We show that the robot hand can successfully grasp and lift various target objects and adapt to hold complex geometric shapes, reflecting the successful adoption of the soft and adaptive synergies. We intend to open-source the design of the hand so that it can be built cheaply on a home 3D-printer.
@article{Li2022, author = {Li, Haoran and Ford, Christopher J. and Bianchi, Matteo and Catalano, Manuel G. and Psomopoulou, Efi and Lepora, Nathan F.}, journal = {IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems}, title = {BRL/Pisa/IIT SoftHand: A Low-Cost, 3D-Printed, Underactuated, Tendon-Driven Hand With Soft and Adaptive Synergies}, year = {2022}, archiveprefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2206.12655}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {8745-8751}, doi = {10.1109/LRA.2022.3187876}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9813397}, }

2021

RA-L | IROS
A Robust Controller for Stable 3D Pinching Using Tactile Sensing

Efi Psomopoulou, Nicholas Pestell, Fotios Papadopoulos, and 3 more authors

Robotics & Automation Letters, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems 2021

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This paper proposes a controller for stable grasping of unknown-shaped objects by two robotic fingers with tactile fingertips. The grasp is stabilised by rolling the fingertips on the contact surface and applying a desired grasping force to reach an equilibrium state. The validation is both in simulation and on a fully-actuated robot hand (the Shadow Modular Grasper) fitted with custom-built optical tactile sensors (based on the BRL TacTip). The controller requires the orientations of the contact surfaces, which are estimated by regressing a deep convolutional neural network over the tactile images. Overall, the grasp system is demonstrated to achieve stable equilibrium poses on a range of objects varying in shape and softness, with the system being robust to perturbations and measurement errors. This approach also has promise to extend beyond grasping to stable in-hand object manipulation with multiple fingers.
@article{Psomopoulou2021, archiveprefix = {arXiv}, journal = {Robotics & Automation Letters, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems}, author = {Psomopoulou, Efi and Pestell, Nicholas and Papadopoulos, Fotios and Lloyd, John and Doulgeri, Zoe and Lepora, Nathan F.}, eprint = {2106.01110}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {8150-8157}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9511836}, title = {{A Robust Controller for Stable 3D Pinching Using Tactile Sensing}}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1109/LRA.2021.3104057}, }

2020

MEDICON
Control of a da Vinci EndoWrist Surgical Instrument Using a Novel Master Controller

Sajeeva Abeywardena, Efi Psomopoulou, Mohammad Fattahi Sani, and 2 more authors

In XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2020

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A novel master controller for robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RAMIS) is introduced and used to control a da Vinci EndoWrist instrument. The geometric model of the master mechanism and its mapping to the geometry of the EndoWrist tool are derived. Experimental results are conducted to open and close the jaws of an EndoWrist tool, and show that the developed mapping algorithm is accu- rate with a root mean square error of 0.7463 mm.
@inproceedings{Abeywardena2020, author = {Abeywardena, Sajeeva and Psomopoulou, Efi and Sani, Mohammad Fattahi and Tzemanaki, Antonia and Dogramadzi, Sanja}, booktitle = {XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-31635-8_191}, isbn = {9783030316358}, pages = {1545--1550}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, title = {{Control of a da Vinci EndoWrist Surgical Instrument Using a Novel Master Controller}}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-31635-8_191}, year = {2020} }
MEDICON
Towards Finger Motion Tracking and Analyses for Cardiac Surgery

Mohammad Fattahi Sani, Sajeeva Abeywardena, and Efi Psomopoulou

In XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2020

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Robot Assisted Surgery is attracting increasing amount of attention as it offers numerous benefits to patients as well as surgeons. Heart surgery requires a high level of precision and dexterity, in con- trast to other surgical specialties. Robot assisted heart surgery is not as widely performed due to numerous reasons including a lack of appropri- ate and intuitive surgical interfaces to control minimally invasive surgi- cal tools. In this paper, finger motion of the surgeon is analyzed during cardiac surgery tasks on an ex-vivo animal model with the purpose of designing a more intuitive master console. First, a custom finger tracking system is developed using IMU sensors, which is lightweight and com- fortable enough to allow free movement of the surgeon’s fingers/hands while using instruments. The proposed system tracks finger joint angles and fingertip positions for three involved fingers (thumb, index, mid- dle). Accuracy of the IMU sensors has been evaluated using an optical tracking system (Polaris, NDI). Finger motion of the cardiac surgeon while using a Castroviejo instrument is studied in suturing and knot- ting scenarios. The results show that PIP and MCP joints have larger Range Of Motion (ROM), and faster rate of change compared to other finger/thumb joints, while thumb has the largest Fingertip WorkSpace (FWS) of all three digits.
@inproceedings{Sani2020, author = {Sani, Mohammad Fattahi and Abeywardena, Sajeeva and Psomopoulou, Efi}, booktitle = {XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-31635-8}, editor = {Henriques, Jorge and Neves, Nuno and de Carvalho, Paulo}, isbn = {978-3-030-31634-1}, pages = {1515--1525}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, series = {IFMBE Proceedings}, title = {{Towards Finger Motion Tracking and Analyses for Cardiac Surgery}}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-31635-8}, volume = {76}, year = {2020} }
MEDICON
Evaluation of Force Feedback for Palpation and Application of Active Constraints on a Teleoperated System

Efi Psomopoulou, Raj Persad, Anthony Koupparis, and 4 more authors

In XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2020

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A desktop haptic device is used to teleoperate an indus- trial redundant and compliant robotic arm with a surgical instrument mounted on its end-effector. The master and slave devices are coupled in a bilateral position-position architecture. Force feedback is provided by the master haptic device to the user, from the position of the slave’s wrist. A surgical task (palpation) that involves force feedback is pre- sented and tested in a user study with surgeons and non-medical par- ticipants. Results show that users easily discern between three different materials during palpation given minimal familiarisation time. Active constraint enforcement is also integrated with the system as a sensitive area around the palpation samples which the slave instrument is prohib- ited to enter.
@inproceedings{Psomopoulou2020, author = {Psomopoulou, Efi and Persad, Raj and Koupparis, Anthony and Abeywardena, Sajeeva and Sani, Mohammad Fattahi and Melhuish, Chris and Dogramadzi, Sanja}, booktitle = {XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-31635-8_194}, isbn = {9783030316358}, pages = {1571--1580}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, title = {{Evaluation of Force Feedback for Palpation and Application of Active Constraints on a Teleoperated System}}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-31635-8_194}, volume = {1}, year = {2020} }

2019

FRONT
Estimation of Tool-Tissue Forces in Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery Using Neural Networks

Sajeeva Abeywardena, Qiaodi Yuan, Antonia Tzemanaki, and 4 more authors

Frontiers in Robotics and AI Jul 2019

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A new algorithm is proposed to estimate the tool-tissue force interaction in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery which does not require the use of external force sensing. The proposed method utilises the current of the motors of the surgical instrument and neural network methods to estimate the force interaction. Offline and online testing is conducted to assess the feasibility of the developed algorithm. Results showed that the developed method has promise in allowing online estimation of tool-tissue force and could thus enable haptic feedback in robotic surgery to be provided.
@article{Abeywardena2019, author = {Abeywardena, Sajeeva and Yuan, Qiaodi and Tzemanaki, Antonia and Psomopoulou, Efi and Droukas, Leonidas and Melhuish, Chris and Dogramadzi, Sanja}, doi = {10.3389/frobt.2019.00056}, issn = {2296-9144}, journal = {Frontiers in Robotics and AI}, keywords = {force estimation,haptic feedback,minimally invasive surgery,neural networks,sensor-less sensing}, month = jul, number = {July}, pages = {1--10}, title = {{Estimation of Tool-Tissue Forces in Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery Using Neural Networks}}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frobt.2019.00056/full}, volume = {6}, year = {2019}, }
AURO
A human inspired handover policy using Gaussian Mixture Models and haptic cues

Antonis Sidiropoulos, Efi Psomopoulou, and Zoe Doulgeri

Autonomous Robots Aug 2019

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A handover strategy is proposed that aims at natural and fluent robot to human object handovers. For the approaching phase, a globally asymptotically stable dynamical system (DS) is utilized, trained from human demonstrations and exploiting the existence of mirroring in the human wrist motion. The DS operates in the robot task space thus achieving independence with respect to the robot platform, encapsulating the position and orientation of the human wrist within a single DS. It is proven that the motion generated by such a DS, having as target the current wrist pose of the receiver’s hand, is bounded and converges to the previously unknown handover location. Haptic cues based on load estimates at the robot giver ensure full object load transfer before grip release. The proposed strategy is validated with simulations and experiments in real settings.
@article{Sidiropoulos2019, author = {Sidiropoulos, Antonis and Psomopoulou, Efi and Doulgeri, Zoe}, doi = {10.1007/s10514-018-9705-x}, issn = {0929-5593}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, month = aug, number = {6}, pages = {1327--1342}, title = {{A human inspired handover policy using Gaussian Mixture Models and haptic cues}}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10514-018-9705-x}, volume = {43}, year = {2019}, }

2018

CRAS

Incision Port Displacement Modelling Verification in Minimally Invasive Surgical Robots

Iman Sayyaddelshad, Efi Psomopoulou, Sajeeva Abeywardena, and 2 more authors

In Joint workshop on New Technologies for Computer/Robot Assisted Surgery Aug 2018

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CRAS

Using current measurement to estimate palpation and grasping forces in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery

Antonia Tzemanaki, Sajeeva Abeywardena, Efi Psomopoulou, and 2 more authors

In Joint workshop on New Technologies for Computer/Robot Assisted Surgery Aug 2018

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ROB
Stable pinching by controlling finger relative orientation of robotic fingers with rolling soft tips

Efi Psomopoulou, Daiki Karashima, Zoe Doulgeri, and 1 more author

Robotica Feb 2018

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There is a large gap between reality and grasp models that are currently available because of the static analysis that characterizes these approaches. This work attempts to fill this need by proposing a control law that, starting from an initial contact state which does not necessarily correspond to an equilibrium, achieves dynamically a stable grasp and a relative finger orientation in the case of pinching an object with arbitrary shape via rolling soft fingertips. Controlling relative finger orientation may improve grasping force manipulability and allow the appropriate shaping of the composite object consisted of the distal links and the object, for facilitating subsequent tasks. The proposed controller utilizes only finger proprioceptive measurements and is not based on the system model. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller with objects of different shapes.
@article{Psomopoulou2018, author = {Psomopoulou, Efi and Karashima, Daiki and Doulgeri, Zoe and Tahara, Kenji}, doi = {10.1017/S0263574717000303}, isbn = {0263574717}, issn = {0263-5747}, journal = {Robotica}, month = feb, number = {2}, pages = {204--224}, title = {{Stable pinching by controlling finger relative orientation of robotic fingers with rolling soft tips}}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263574717000303/type/journal_article}, volume = {36}, year = {2018} }

2017

PhD

Stable grasping and robot-to-human object load transfer

Efi Psomopoulou

PhD Thesis Feb 2017

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The thesis deals with the problem of grasping by robotic hands as well as the human-robot haptic interaction during object load transfer. A passivity-based stable grasping control law for unknown object weight is exploited and extended in order to be used in the design of two strategies for the safe and natural human-robot object load transfer which takes place in the direction of the gravity field. The controller is extended with respect to the desired grasping force and the object’s mass that is allocated to the respective hand. The extension is based on human studies on the grasping and load forces that are developed by the giver and receiver. The first object load transfer strategy is initiated by the giver who linearly decreases its load and grip forces until the full release of the object’s load. It is assumed that the receiver estimates the load transfer successfully and adapts its grip forces accordingly to achieve an efficient object transfer, ie. the receiver is either a cooperative and healthy human or a robot. In case the receiver is not a fully responsive participant and does not or cannot instantly accept the released load, the force exchange is not linear and as a result the object slips from the grasp since the receiver’s behaviour is not taken into account. The second strategy is receiver initiated and it involves a rich haptic interaction between the hands. In this strategy, the giver is a stably grasping robotic hand that follows closely the receiver’s lead and ensures haptically that the receiver has stably grasped the object before opening its grip. Therefore, the receiver can be anyone from a fully cooperative robot to an insufficiently responsive human. Theoretical design and validation via simulations are presented for both strategies, demonstrating the advantages of the receiver initiated strategy. This strategy is generalized for cases where the robot’s fingers do not possess rolling capabilities on the object’s surface and for cases where the load transfer does not take place in the direction of the gravity field. The strategy is also integrated with an arm motion controller to complete the hand-over procedure and is validated by both simulations and experimental results. Consequently, the control law used in the object load transfer strategies is extended for a weightless object in order to achieve control objectives regarding the optimal grasping force which may vary for different kinds of objects or the robot’s subsequent desired task following the stable object grasp. This is achieved by controlling the fingers’ desired relative orientation in the rolling direction by the a priori optimization of the internal force manipulability ellipsoid. Theoretical design and validation via both simulations and experimental results are presented for the proposed controller, demonstrating its effectiveness. Last, the grasping controller is extended to the three dimensional space where the fingers’ desired relative orientation is controlled with respect to two rolling directions on the contact surface. The definition of these directions determines the in-hand object manipulability. Simulation results are presented that validate the theoretical analysis.

2015

IROS
A human inspired stable object load transfer for robots in hand-over tasks

Efi Psomopoulou, and Zoe Doulgeri

In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems Sep 2015

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A human-inspired hand-over control strategy is proposed for the haptic interaction of two dual-fingered hands for the planar case. It is based on a grasp controller for an unknown object which achieves, via fingertip rolling, a stable grasp and a real object mass estimation. Object load transfer is receiver initiated, follows human evidence and involves awareness of the other hand’s state based solely on local proprioceptive measurements. Simulation results illustrate the proposed approach.
@inproceedings{Psomopoulou2015, author = {Psomopoulou, Efi and Doulgeri, Zoe}, booktitle = {IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems}, doi = {10.1109/IROS.2015.7353417}, isbn = {978-1-4799-9994-1}, month = sep, pages = {491--496}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{A human inspired stable object load transfer for robots in hand-over tasks}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=7353417}, year = {2015} }
RSS

Human-inspired object load transfer in hand-over tasks

Efi Psomopoulou, and Zoe Doulgeri

In Robotics: Science and Systems Conference Sep 2015

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A human-inspired hand-over control strategy is proposed for the haptic interaction of two dual-fingered hands. It can be applied to robots that are intended to assist older adults and people with motor impairments and it focuses on the timing and synchronization which is required for a successful object load transfer.
TCST
Prescribed Performance Tracking of a Variable Stiffness Actuated Robot

Efi Psomopoulou, Achilles Theodorakopoulos, Zoe Doulgeri, and 1 more author

IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Sep 2015

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This paper is concerned with the design of a state feedback control scheme for variable stiffness actuated (VSA) robots, which guarantees prescribed performance of the track- ing errors despite the low range of mechanical stiffness. The controller does not assume knowledge of the actual system dynamics nor does it utilize approximating structures (e.g., neural networks and fuzzy systems) to acquire such knowledge, leading to a low complexity design. Simulation studies, incorporating a model validated on data from an actual variable stiffness actuator (VSA) at a multi-degrees-of-freedom robot, are performed. Com- parison with a gain scheduling solution reveals the superiority of the proposed scheme with respect to performance and robustness.
@article{Psomopoulou2017, author = {Psomopoulou, Efi and Theodorakopoulos, Achilles and Doulgeri, Zoe and Rovithakis, George A}, doi = {10.1109/TCST.2015.2394748}, issn = {1063-6536}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology}, month = sep, number = {5}, pages = {1914--1926}, title = {{Prescribed Performance Tracking of a Variable Stiffness Actuated Robot}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=7051223}, volume = {23}, year = {2015} }

2014

MED
A robot hand-over control scheme for human-like haptic interaction

Efi Psomopoulou, and Zoe Doulgeri

In 22nd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation Jun 2014

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A robot hand-over control scheme is proposed achieving human-like haptic interaction during object load transfer from a giver to a receiver hand for the planar case. It is assumed that the object has parallel surfaces and unknown mass. The giver initiates the hand-over process while the receiver estimates the transferred object mass adapting its grip force accordingly in a three stage process. The control laws are based on a dynamically stable grasp controller which is modified for the hand-over task. A stable load transfer is securely achieved as shown by the theoretical analysis and illustrated by the simulation results.
@inproceedings{Psomopoulou2014, address = {Palermo}, author = {Psomopoulou, Efi and Doulgeri, Zoe}, booktitle = {22nd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation}, doi = {10.1109/MED.2014.6961583}, isbn = {978-1-4799-5901-3}, month = jun, pages = {1470--1475}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{A robot hand-over control scheme for human-like haptic interaction}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6961583}, year = {2014} }
ICRA
A controller for stable grasping and desired finger shaping without contact sensing

Maria Grammatikopoulou, Efi Psomopoulou, Leonidas Droukas, and 1 more author

In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation May 2014

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This paper proposes a controller for the stable grasp of an arbitrary-shaped object on the horizontal plane by two robotic fingers with rigid hemispherical fingertips. The controller stabilizes the grasp with optimal force angles and desired finger shaping determined through the choice of a control constant without requiring the utilization of any contact information regarding contact locations and contact angles or any estimates of them. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller and show its clear advantages with respect to other known control schemes.
@inproceedings{Grammatikopoulou2014, author = {Grammatikopoulou, Maria and Psomopoulou, Efi and Droukas, Leonidas and Doulgeri, Zoe}, booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation}, doi = {10.1109/ICRA.2014.6907389}, isbn = {978-1-4799-3685-4}, month = may, pages = {3662--3668}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{A controller for stable grasping and desired finger shaping without contact sensing}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6907389}, year = {2014} }

2012

IROS

A simple controller for a variable stiffness joint with uncertain dynamics and prescribed performance guarantees

Efi Psomopoulou, Zoe Doulgeri, George A Rovithakis, and 1 more author

In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems Oct 2012

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In this paper a simple tracking controller for a variable stiffness joint is proposed. System dynamics is considered unknown. The controller guarantees link and stiffness motor position performance specifications that have been apriori set, utilizing full state feedback. Simulation results on the previously published CompAct-VSA joint validate the efficiency of the proposed control approach.

@inproceedings{Psomopoulou2012,
  address = {Vilamoura, Algarve, Portugal},
  author = {Psomopoulou, Efi and Doulgeri, Zoe and Rovithakis, George A and Tsagarakis, Nikos G},
  booktitle = {IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems},
  doi = {10.1109/IROS.2012.6385859},
  isbn = {978-1-4673-1736-8},
  issn = {21530858},
  month = oct,
  pages = {5071--5076},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {{A simple controller for a variable stiffness joint with uncertain dynamics and prescribed performance guarantees}},
  url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6385859},
  year = {2012}
}